Measuring Compensation from Credit Reporting Damage: A Comparison of Islamic, Saudi, and American Law in Light of Credit Information Reporting Acts

Although there was a simple way to practice credit reporting in the past, in its organized and developed form credit reporting is considered new to international society in general. The first act to regulate credit reporting was established in the last quarter of the twentieth century in the U.S.A. The novelty is even more evident in Saudi laws. The first act in Saudi Arabia was declared in 2008. In Saudi Arabia, credit reporting is associated with many legal issues that must be resolved with reference to both Shariah and Saudi Arabia law. Consequently, legal and Shariah solutions should be provided. This dissertation is a comprehensive study of credit reporting damage and remedies. It tackles issues related to definitions, history, and mechanisms of credit reporting in one section. In another section, this dissertation examines acts or failures to act as the basis for liability. These acts or failures to act may be performed by credit reporting agencies, users, or other entities or persons. This examination is presented in light of the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Credit Information Act and weighed against Islamic law to examine validity in Islamic law as the predominant law in Saudi Arabia. This dissertation also seeks to find weakness and strength in both laws and suggest improvements. Proving the breaches is an essential part to recovering damages. Methods and standards of proof in both legal systems have similarities and differences. Some types of damages inflicted upon consumers are unique to credit reporting, while other types of damages are similar to other legal theories. The most challenging issue is the measure of remedies in the credit reporting context. The types of damages shared by other legal theories share the same measurements of remedies. Nevertheless, damages unique to credit reporting have their own remedial measurements. This dissertation hopefully adds to legal academia, helps the judiciary in Saudi Arabia in interpreting the Credit Information Act, and helps improve deficiencies in the current legal framework of U.S and Saudi legal systems

In Light of Oklahoma SQ 755: How Islamic Law Antecedes in Solving Minorities’ Personal Law Issues?

In November 2010, a proposal was passed to amend Section 1 of Article VII of the Oklahoma State Constitution to prevent considering Sharia Law in making judicial decisions as well as international law. This amendment is being challenged in the court by Muslims and a temporary restraining order has been granted. In this paper, I will show, in contrast to what Oklahoma legislators wanted to enact, how Islamic law of 1400 years ago provided freedom of application of personal law for religious minorities more than any other legal system. Although other legal systems provide one type of freedom or another, no other legal system extends the freedom to the criminal law sphere. Moreover, one of the unique features of Islamic law is to allow religious minorities to establish their informal legal courts.In the first part of this paper, I will provide a brief introduction regarding how Islamic law treats the personal law of religious minorities in an Islamic country. In the second part, I will summarize how Islamic law treats religious minorities\u27 family law including marriage, divorce and custody. In the third part, I will show how Islamic law treats religious minorities\u27 inheritance law. In the fourth part, I will show how Islamic law deals with religious minorities\u27 wills. In the fifth part, I will present how Islamic law exempts religious minorities from punishment for religious-related acts even when those acts are crimes in regard to Muslim citizens. Although I will present the prevailing opinions among Islamic jurisprudential schools, I will also mention any disagreement, if any, in order to reflect the true picture of Islamic law

In Light of Oklahoma SQ 755: How Islamic Law Antecedes in Solving Minorities’ Personal Law Issues?

In November 2010, a proposal was passed to amend Section 1 of Article VII of the Oklahoma State Constitution to prevent considering Sharia Law in making judicial decisions as well as international law. This amendment is being challenged in the court by Muslims and a temporary restraining order has been granted. In this paper, I will show, in contrast to what Oklahoma legislators wanted to enact, how Islamic law of 1400 years ago provided freedom of application of personal law for religious minorities more than any other legal system. Although other legal systems provide one type of freedom or another, no other legal system extends the freedom to the criminal law sphere. Moreover, one of the unique features of Islamic law is to allow religious minorities to establish their informal legal courts.In the first part of this paper, I will provide a brief introduction regarding how Islamic law treats the personal law of religious minorities in an Islamic country. In the second part, I will summarize how Islamic law treats religious minorities\u27 family law including marriage, divorce and custody. In the third part, I will show how Islamic law treats religious minorities\u27 inheritance law. In the fourth part, I will show how Islamic law deals with religious minorities\u27 wills. In the fifth part, I will present how Islamic law exempts religious minorities from punishment for religious-related acts even when those acts are crimes in regard to Muslim citizens. Although I will present the prevailing opinions among Islamic jurisprudential schools, I will also mention any disagreement, if any, in order to reflect the true picture of Islamic law

Trombocitni pokazatelji u jednogrbe deve (Camelus dromedarius)

This communication describes platelet indices including platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT) and platelet distribution width (PDW), along with parallel red blood cell parameters, in samples from 27 dromedary camels of both sexes. The overall mean values of the platelet parameters were: PLT 319.71 ± 38.6 (x109/L); MPV 5.51 ± 0.08 fL; PCT 0.14 ± 0.02% and PDW 19.50 ± 0.62%. A highly significant correlation was found between PLT and PCT (P≤0.001) in male, female and all camels and a significant correlation between MPV and PDW (P<0.05) in male and all camels. The correlation between platelet parameters and parallel red blood cell parameters, namely: hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width (RDW), revealed no significant correlation between RBC and PLT, PCT and HCT or MPV and MCV. However, a highly significant correlation was found between PCT and RDW in all camels (P≤0.005).This is the first report of MPV, PCT, PDW and RWD in dromedaries.Opisani su najčešći trombocitni pokazatelji: broj trombocita (PLT), srednji volumen trombocita (MPV), trombokrit (PCT) i širina krivulje raspodjele po volumenu (PDW), kao i pokazatelji crvenih krvnih stanica u 27 jednogrbih deva oba spola. Prosječne srednje vrijednosti trombocitnih pokazatelja bile su za broj trombocita (PLT) 319,71 ± 38,6×109/L); za srednji volumen trombocita (MPV) 5,51 ± 0,08 fL, trombokrit (PCT) 0,14 ± 0,02% i širinu krivulje raspodjela (PDW) 19,50 ± 0,62%. Značajna korelacija bila je ustanovljena između broja trombocita i trombokrita (P≤0,001) u mužjaka i ženki te općenito u svih pretraženih deva. Također je bila ustanovljena značajna korelacija između srednjega volumena trombocita i širene raspodjele trombocita (P<0,05). Nije ustanovljena korelacija između trombocitnih pokazatelja i pokazatelja crvenih krvnih stanica, tj. usporedbom hematokrita, srednjega volumena crvenih krvnih stanica i raspodjele po volumenu crvenih stanica nije bila ustanovljena značajna korelacija između broja crvenih krvnih stanica te broja trombocita, trombokrita i hematokrita ili srednjega volumena trombocita i srednjega volumena crvenih krvnih stanica. Međutim, značajna korelacija ustanovljena je između trombokrita i krivulje raspodjele po volumenu eritrocita u svih pretraženih deva (P≤0,005). Ovo je prvo izvješće o srednjem volumen trombocita, trombokritu, raspodjeli po volumenu trombocita te raspodjeli po volumenu crvenih krvnih stanica u jednogrbih deva

Trombocitni pokazatelji u jednogrbe deve (Camelus dromedarius)

This communication describes platelet indices including platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT) and platelet distribution width (PDW), along with parallel red blood cell parameters, in samples from 27 dromedary camels of both sexes. The overall mean values of the platelet parameters were: PLT 319.71 ± 38.6 (x109/L); MPV 5.51 ± 0.08 fL; PCT 0.14 ± 0.02% and PDW 19.50 ± 0.62%. A highly significant correlation was found between PLT and PCT (P≤0.001) in male, female and all camels and a significant correlation between MPV and PDW (P<0.05) in male and all camels. The correlation between platelet parameters and parallel red blood cell parameters, namely: hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width (RDW), revealed no significant correlation between RBC and PLT, PCT and HCT or MPV and MCV. However, a highly significant correlation was found between PCT and RDW in all camels (P≤0.005).This is the first report of MPV, PCT, PDW and RWD in dromedaries.Opisani su najčešći trombocitni pokazatelji: broj trombocita (PLT), srednji volumen trombocita (MPV), trombokrit (PCT) i širina krivulje raspodjele po volumenu (PDW), kao i pokazatelji crvenih krvnih stanica u 27 jednogrbih deva oba spola. Prosječne srednje vrijednosti trombocitnih pokazatelja bile su za broj trombocita (PLT) 319,71 ± 38,6×109/L); za srednji volumen trombocita (MPV) 5,51 ± 0,08 fL, trombokrit (PCT) 0,14 ± 0,02% i širinu krivulje raspodjela (PDW) 19,50 ± 0,62%. Značajna korelacija bila je ustanovljena između broja trombocita i trombokrita (P≤0,001) u mužjaka i ženki te općenito u svih pretraženih deva. Također je bila ustanovljena značajna korelacija između srednjega volumena trombocita i širene raspodjele trombocita (P<0,05). Nije ustanovljena korelacija između trombocitnih pokazatelja i pokazatelja crvenih krvnih stanica, tj. usporedbom hematokrita, srednjega volumena crvenih krvnih stanica i raspodjele po volumenu crvenih stanica nije bila ustanovljena značajna korelacija između broja crvenih krvnih stanica te broja trombocita, trombokrita i hematokrita ili srednjega volumena trombocita i srednjega volumena crvenih krvnih stanica. Međutim, značajna korelacija ustanovljena je između trombokrita i krivulje raspodjele po volumenu eritrocita u svih pretraženih deva (P≤0,005). Ovo je prvo izvješće o srednjem volumen trombocita, trombokritu, raspodjeli po volumenu trombocita te raspodjeli po volumenu crvenih krvnih stanica u jednogrbih deva